Photocatalytic Dearomative Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Heterocycles for Building Molecular Complexity
Martins S. Oderinde, Antonio Ramı́rez, T. G. Murali Dhar, Lyndon A. M. Cornelius, Christine Jorge, Darpandeep Aulakh, Bhupinder Sandhu, Joseph Pawluczyk, Amy A. Sarjeant, Nicholas A. Meanwell, Arvind Mathur, James Kempson
Abstract
Indole and indoline rings are important pharmacophoric scaffolds found in marketed drugs, agrochemicals, and biologically active molecules. The [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction is a versatile strategy for constructing architecturally interesting, sp 3 -rich cyclobutane-fused scaffolds with potential applications in drug discovery programs. A general platform for visible-light mediated intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of indoles with alkenes has been realized. A substrate-based screening approach led to the discovery of tert -butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected indole-2-carboxyesters as suitable motifs for the intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Significantly, the reaction proceeds in good yield with a wide variety of both activated and unactivated alkenes, including those containing free amines and alcohols, and the transformation exhibits excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Moreover, the scope of the indole substrate is very broad, extending to previously unexplored azaindole heterocycles that collectively afford fused cyclobutane containing scaffolds that offer unique properties with functional handles and vectors suitable for further derivatization. DFT computational studies provide insights into the mechanism of this [2 + 2] cycloaddition, which is initiated by a triplet–triplet energy transfer process. The photocatalytic reaction was successfully performed on a 100 g scale to provide the dihydroindole analog.