Intravenous contrast medium extravasation: systematic review and updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee Guidelines
Giles Roditi, Nadir Khan, Aart J. van der Molen, Marie‐France Bellin, Michele Bertolotto, Torkel B. Brismar, Jean-Michel Corréas, Ilona A. Dekkers, Remy W. F. Geenen, Gertraud Heinz‐Peer, Andreas H. Mahnken, Carlo Cosimo Quattrocchi, Alexander Radbruch, Peter Reimer, Laura Romanini, Fulvio Stacul, Henrik S. Thomsen, Olivier Clémеnt
Abstract
NEED FOR A REVIEW: Guidelines for management and prevention of contrast media extravasation have not been updated recently. In view of emerging research and changing working practices, this review aims to inform update on the current guidelines. AREAS COVERED: In this paper, we review the literature pertaining to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, risk factors and treatments of contrast media extravasation. A suggested protocol and guidelines are recommended based upon the available literature. KEY POINTS: • Risk of extravasation is dependent on scanning technique and patient risk factors. • Diagnosis is mostly clinical, and outcomes are mostly favourable. • Referral to surgery should be based on clinical severity rather than extravasated volume.