Water driven phase transitions in Prussian white cathode materials
Ida Nielsen, Djurdjija Dzodan, Dickson O. Ojwang, Paul F. Henry, Alexandra Ulander, Gustav Ek, Lennart Häggström, Tore Ericsson, Hanna L. B. Boström, William R. Brant
Abstract
Abstract Prussian white (PW, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>a</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close="]" open="["> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>Fe</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>z</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) is a promising cathode material for use in sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage applications, which demand long cycling life-times. However, for non-aqueous battery applications PW must not contain any water, and yet dehydration induces a large volume change destabilizing the structure and reducing the cycling life. The material undergoes multiple phase transitions as a function of both the sodium and water content, however, the mechanism behind is poorly understood. Here, we use neutron diffraction to explore the influence of water on the structure of PW. For the first time, two structures for a single composition of PW were observed near room temperature independent of the synthesis method. These structures differ in the FeN 6 and FeC 6 octahedral tilting configurations, which is connected to the ordering of water in the framework. The removal of water modulates the magnitude of pre-existing structural distortions, if it is itself disordered within the structure, rather than modifying the nature of the distortions. These results provide a robust fundamental understanding of the chemical driving force impacting the nature and magnitude of structural distortions in Prussian blue analogues. The insights provide guidance for designing tilt-engineering ultimately enabling new materials with enhanced long-term electrochemical performance in battery applications.