Well-orchestrated physico-chemical and biological factors for enhanced secretion of osteogenic and angiogenic extracellular vesicles by mesenchymal stem cells in a 3D culture format
Ketki Holkar, Vaijayanti Kale, Ganesh Ingavle
Abstract
situations. Compared to the gold standard monolayer culture, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released under 3D conditions improved the EV cargo numerically and qualitatively. The higher requirements of EVs in clinical trials with consistent therapeutic potential are challenging. This review discusses the impact of cell culture formats on the regenerative potential of MSCs, specifically in bone regeneration. The poor yield and heterogeneity issues have hampered the therapeutic usage of EVs. Therefore, this review further explores various engineering approaches that could enhance EVs' scalability from MSCs and their therapeutic effectiveness beyond their native utility in bone tissue regeneration. This review also highlights some of the upcoming 3D approaches/models that might be useful for the enhanced secretion of therapeutic EVs from stem cells. Finally, we discuss possible future directions and conclusions in this domain.