PHANGS: constraining star formation time-scales using the spatial correlations of star clusters and giant molecular clouds
J. Turner, Daniel A. Dale, James Lilly, M. Boquien, Sinan Deger, Janice Lee, Bradley C. Whitmore, Gagandeep S. Anand, Samantha M. Benincasa, Frank Bigiel, Guillermo A. Blanc, Mélanie Chevance, Éric Emsellem, Christopher M. Faesi, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Annie Hughes, Ralf S. Klessen, Kathryn Kreckel, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Adam K. Leroy, Hsi-An Pan, Erik Rosolowsky, Andreas Schruba, Thomas G. Williams
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the hierarchical view of star formation, giant molecular clouds (GMCs) undergo fragmentation to form small-scale structures made up of stars and star clusters. Here we study the connection between young star clusters and cold gas across a range of extragalactic environments by combining the high resolution (1″) PHANGS–ALMA catalogue of GMCs with the star cluster catalogues from PHANGS–HST. The star clusters are spatially matched with the GMCs across a sample of 11 nearby star-forming galaxies with a range of galactic environments (centres, bars, spiral arms, etc.). We find that after 4 − 6 Myr the star clusters are no longer associated with any gas clouds. Additionally, we measure the autocorrelation of the star clusters and GMCs as well as their cross-correlation to quantify the fractal nature of hierarchical star formation. Young (≤10 Myr) star clusters are more strongly autocorrelated on kpc and smaller spatial scales than the $\gt \, 10$ Myr stellar populations, indicating that the hierarchical structure dissolves over time.