Emerging Advances in Lanthanide Photon Avalanche Nanophotonics
Chang Liu, X Q Zhang, Xuan Chen, Liangliang Liang
Abstract
Photon avalanche (PA) upconversion in lanthanide nanosystems represents a groundbreaking discovery, demonstrating an optical nonlinearity exceeding 50. This remarkable sensitivity to even the slightest light perturbations unlocks new possibilities for ultrasensitive biosensing, super-resolution imaging, and a range of other applications. This review delves into the fundamental mechanisms underlying PA and the approaches for controlling energy flow within these nanomaterials. We present innovative design strategies for optimizing optical dynamics tailored to specific applications. Furthermore, we critically assess the advantages and limitations of PA technology across diverse applications. In addition, we explore future directions, highlighting the key challenges and proposing pathways for further research. By enhancing the understanding of PA phenomena and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, this review seeks to foster ongoing innovation at the convergence of nanophotonics and materials science, pushing the boundaries of current capabilities in photonics research.