Innovation and prospects of heavy metal solidification/stabilization techniques: A comprehensive review on materials, mechanisms, and evaluation systems
Kexin Li, Jun Yao, Kanaji Masakorala, Xiangmei Li, Shuqin Li, Xilin Li, Xilin Li, Xilin Li
Abstract
Research on the management of heavy metals (HMs) contamination at typical contaminated sites through solid waste co-disposal has emerged as a major focal point in environmental protection efforts. The utilization of solid wastes in lieu of cement-based materials offers not only the opportunity for solidifying and stabilizing heavy metal pollutants but also for promoting their resourceful utilization. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the gradual advancements achieved in the application of solid waste in solidification and stabilization technology, with a focus on representative materials from the steel, coal power, and metallurgical industries . In the context of the “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals”, the employment of all-solid waste materials showcases the significant potential for development and the significant role of emerging solidification materials in advancing solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. Furthermore, this paper delves into the S/S mechanisms pertaining to anions and cations, specifically hazardous metals including cadmium, lead, and arsenic. A summary of the evaluation indexes employed by different countries for the S/S of HMs is also presented. In addition, this study discusses the existing limitations of conventional solidification and stabilization methods for HMs and outlines future trends in the field.