Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru
Grobert A. Guadalupe, Dorila E. Grández-Yoplac, Erick Arellanos, Eva Doménech
Abstract
This study analysed the probabilistic risk to consumers associated with the presence of iAs, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, acrylamide (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in instant coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The results found iAs to be the metal with the highest concentrations (3.50 × 10−2 to 6.00 × 10−2 mg/kg), closely followed by Pb (1.70 × 10−2 to 2.70 × 10−2 mg/kg) and Cr (5.00 × 10−3 to 1.00 × 10−2 mg/kg), although these differences were not significant between countries. Cd and Hg were not detected. Focusing on AA, the concentrations ranged from 1.77 × 10−1 mg/kg (Peru) to 4.77 × 10−1 mg/kg (Brazil), while OTA ranged from 1.32 × 10−3 (Peru) to 1.77 × 10−3 mg/kg (Brazil) with significant differences between countries in both cases. As regards risk, the hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, meaning that the consumption of instant coffee represents a low level of concern for non-genotoxic effects. The results of the combination of margin of exposure and probability of exceedance indicated that the non-genotoxic effects of Pb, AA and OTA pose no threat. However, the probability values of suffering cancer from iAs and AA (between 1 × 10−6 and 1 × 10−4) indicated a moderate risk and that management measures should be taken.