Mirages or miracles? Lithium extraction and the just energy transition
Carmel Dowling, Gerardo Otero
Abstract
Achieving a 1.5 °C global temperature limit by 2050 has heightened the need for lithium extraction for energy storage. This is touted by governments and industry as essential to a clean, just energy transition. However, critiques reveal tensions between this ideal and the realities of lithium extraction, questioning whether it represents a continuation of extractive capitalism or a pathway to sustainable development grounded in social and environmental justice. Our critical review of the literature synthesizes lithium supply chain dynamics and interdisciplinary critiques of lithium extractivism. It exposes the contradictions and challenges in relying on lithium for climate solutions. Key issues include high water usage, toxic waste, CO₂ emissions, and deepening global inequalities along racial and class lines. We argue that meaningful reform requires both local engagement with affected communities, especially Indigenous groups, and robust state policies to democratize the extraction process.