A New Reconfigurable True Random Number Generator and Physical Unclonable Function Unified Chip With On-Chip Auto-Calibration
Yuan Cao, Wanyi Liu, Yue Zheng, Shuai Chen, Jing Ye, Lei Qian, Chip-Hong Chang
Abstract
True random number generator (TRNG) and physical unclonable function (PUF) have been extensively used to secure low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) endpoints. In this paper, a lightweight reconfigurable TRNG and PUF unified design for custom chip implementation is proposed. The reconfigurable structure consists of a pair of ring oscillators (ROs) with interposed multi-way switches for RO length reconfiguration and shared counters for on-chip calibration. Jitter noise of ROs and metastability of arbiter are harmonized for TRNG operation, while process variations of ROs are extracted for PUF operation. The conflicting requirements on frequency deviation for the randomness of TRNG and the reliability of PUF are resolved by an on-chip calibrator, which automatically selects and stores a challenge with a small frequency difference in TRNG mode upon manufacturing and masks unreliable challenges with large frequency difference during PUF enrollment. Leveraging the advantage of custom chip design, the basic delay cell of the reconfigurable ROs is realized by current starved inverter in weak inversion to minimize the power consumption, increase the jitter, and avail its larger process variation. A new lightweight secure mutual authentication protocol is also proposed to effectively thwart machine learning, replay and man-in-the-middle attacks using only the underlying TRNG and PUF without requiring any other security primitives. The proposed TRNG-PUF design is prototyped with a standard 40 nm 1.1 V CMOS process. It occupies a small footprint of 24, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$316~\pmb {\mu m^{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Measured results of the packaged chips show an average energy efficiency of 7.42 pJ/bit in TRNG operation and 0.10 pJ/bit in PUF operation. The bitstreams generated by the test chips passed NIST SP 800-22 and 90B tests, autocorrelation test, and FFT test.