The Role of Silver Nanoparticles and Bacillus subtilis in Modulating Morpho–Physio–Biochemical Responses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Arsenic Stress
Mohammad K. Okla, Sadia Javed, Muhammad Faran Tahir, Ibrahim Saleh, Muhammad Anas, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Temoor Ahmed, Abdulrahman A. Alatar, Bandar M. AlMunqedhi, Shafaqat Ali
Abstract
Abstract Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals [such as arsenic (As)] is becoming a serious global problem because of the rapid development of the social economy. Although plant growth-promoting rhizo-bacteria (PGPR) and nanoparticles (NPs) are the major protectants to alleviate metal toxicity, the study of these chemicals in combination to ameliorate the toxic effects of As is limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Bacillus subtilis (5 and 10 mg L –1 ) and silver (Ag)–NPs (10 and 20 mg kg –1 ) on morpho-physiological and antioxidative defense attributes, which was spiked with different levels of As [0 mM (i.e., no As), 100, and 200 mg kg –1 ] in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of As in the soil significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. In contrast, increasing levels of As in the soil significantly ( P < 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in term of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL), and also increased organic acid exudation patter in the roots of T. aestivum . The negative impact of As toxicity can overcome the application of B . subtilis and Ag − NPs, which ultimately increased plant growth and biomass by capturing the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased oxidative stress in T. aestivum by decreasing the As contents in the roots and shoots of the plants. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the combined application of B . subtilis and Ag − NPs can ameliorate As toxicity in T. aestivum , resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids. Graphical Abstract