Ketonemia and Glycemia Affect Appetite Levels and Executive Functions in Overweight Females During Two Ketogenic Diets
A Lodi, Lisa Zarantonello, Patrizia Bisiacchi, Lorenzo Cenci, Antonio Paoli
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to investigate how glycemia and ketonemia variations during two ketogenic diet protocols affect appetite, executive functions, and mood in young women with overweight. METHODS: Fifty healthy young females with overweight were randomly assigned to (1) a ketogenic diet without any restriction on energy intake, (2) a commercial energy-restricted ketogenic Mediterranean diet, and (3) an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet for 10 days. A visual analogue scale was used to test appetite, and one mood test and two cognitive tasks (working memory and inhibition control) were performed. Moreover, body composition, fasting blood glucose, and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between glycemia and appetite (P = 0.019), unfullness score (P = 0.001), and desire to eat (P = 0.030) (pre- and postdiet levels). Postdiet BHB levels showed a positive correlation with fullness score (P = 0.002) and a negative correlation with appetite (P = 0.022) and desire to eat (P = 0.009). A positive correlation was found between prediet levels of glycemia and reaction times in the go-trials of the executive function test (P = 0.018). Postdiet BHB level showed a negative correlation with the accuracy of the no-go trials (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Ketogenic diets, compared with a Mediterranean diet, have a greater effect in terms of appetite reduction but might affect inhibition functions.