Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2/3-dependent transmission of TGF-β signaling
Keiji Miyazawa, Yuka Itoh, Hao Fu, Kohei Miyazono
Abstract
A methylation. Recent technical advances have identified a novel landscape of Smad-dependent signal transduction, including regulation of mitochondrial function without involving regulation of gene expression. Therefore, Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors and also act as intracellular signaling modulators with multiple modes of function. In this review, we discuss the role of Smad proteins as receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond. We also describe the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3, two receptor-activated Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β, activin, myostatin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) 11, and Nodal.
Topics & Concepts
SMADACVR2BR-SMADCell biologySmad2 ProteinBiologyTranscription factorSignal transductionActivin type 2 receptorsJanus kinase 1Transforming growth factorReceptorTGF alphaTGF beta signaling pathwayGeneticsJanus kinaseGrowth factorGeneTGF-β signaling in diseasesCancer-related molecular mechanisms researchCancer-related gene regulation