Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xiaodong Zhou, Qin‐Fen Chen, Wah Yang, Mauricio Zuluaga, Giovanni Targher, Christopher D. Byrne, Luca Valenti, Fei Luo, Christos S. Katsouras, Omar Thaher, Anoop Misra, Karim Ataya, Rodolfo J. Oviedo, Alice P.S. Kong, Khalid Alswat, Amedeo Lonardo, Yu Jun Wong, Adam Abu-Abeid, Hazem Al Momani, Arshad Ali, Gabriel A Molina, Olivia Szepietowski, Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev, Mehmet Kızılkaya, Octavio Viveiros, Carlos J. Toro‐Huamanchumo, Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok, Орал Оспанов, Syed Imran Abbas, Andrew Gerard Robertson, Yasser Fouad, Christos S. Mantzoros, Huijie Zhang, Nahúm Méndez‐Sánchez, Silvia Sookoian, Wah‐Kheong Chan, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Leon A. Adams, Ponsiano Ocama, John Ryan, Nilanka Perera, Ala I. Sharara, Said A. Al‐Busafi, Christopher Opio, Manuel Garcia, Michelle Ching Lim-Loo, Elena Ruiz‐Úcar, Arun Prasad, Anna Casajoana, Tamer N. Abdelbaki, Ming‐Hua Zheng
Abstract
Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.