Early Mild Stress along with Lipid Improves the Stress Responsiveness of Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus)
Noah Esmaeili, Hossein Hosseini, Mahyar Zare, Sobhan R. Akhavan, Artur Rombenso
Abstract
Early-life exposure to mild stressors can assist animals in coping with more stressful events in later life. This study was aimed at investigating how early stress and dietary lipid contents affect growth, hematology, blood biochemistry, immunological responses, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress responses of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mn>6.8</a:mn> <a:mo>±</a:mo> <a:mn>0.7</a:mn> </a:math> g). Six experimental treatments were HL0Stress (high-lipid diet and without stress), HL2Stresses (high-lipid diet and two-week stress), HL4Stresses (high-lipid diet and four-week stress), LL0Stress (low-lipid diet and without stress), LL2Stresses (low-lipid diet and two-week stress), and LL4Stresses (low-lipid diet and four-week stress). During the ten-week trial, fish fed high-lipid diets grew faster ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mn>46.41</c:mn> <c:mo>±</c:mo> <c:mn>4.67</c:mn> </c:math> vs. <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mn>38.81</e:mn> <e:mo>±</e:mo> <e:mn>2.81</e:mn> </e:math> ) and had a lower feed conversion ratio (2.21 vs. 2.60) than those fed low-lipid diets ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>P</g:mi> <g:mo><</g:mo> <g:mn>0.05</g:mn> </g:math> ). After acute confinement stress (AC stress), high-lipid groups had higher survival than low-lipid treatments (81.25% vs 72.92%) ( <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mi>P</i:mi> <i:mo><</i:mo> <i:mn>0.05</i:mn> </i:math> ). Fish subjected to two-time stress (2Stresses) had a higher survival rate after AC stress (90.63% vs. 62.50%), hematocrit, white blood cell, blood performance, total protein, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, alternative complement activity (ACH50), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase levels than those not stressed ( <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mi>P</k:mi> <k:mo><</k:mo> <k:mn>0.05</k:mn> </k:math> ). Contrariwise, glucose, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in the 2Stresses groups compared with 0Stress fish ( <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <m:mi>P</m:mi> <m:mo><</m:mo> <m:mn>0.05</m:mn> </m:math> ). Collectively, these findings suggest stressing the signs of adaptation in 2Stresses fish. However, a higher number of early stress events (4Stresses) appears to exceed the threshold of manageable stress levels for this species. In conclusion, the HL2Stresses group outperformed the other treatments in terms of growth, health status, and stress responsiveness. Although fish welfare must be considered, these results suggest that early mild stress can result in a greater survival rate after fish are exposed to later acute stress.