Investigation of spatially localized defects in synthetic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>WS</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> monolayers
Bárbara L. T. Rosa, Kazunori Fujisawa, Joyce C. C. Santos, Tianyi Zhang, Matheus J. S. Matos, Frederico B. Sousa, Tiago C. Barbosa, Lucas Lafetá, Sérgio L. L. M. Ramos, Bruno R. Carvalho, Hélio Chacham, Bernardo R. A. Neves, Mauricio Terrones, Leandro M. Malard
Abstract
While the spatially nonhomogeneous light emission from synthetic ${\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$ monolayers is frequently reported in the literature, the nature of this phenomenon still requires thoughtful investigation. Here, we combine several characterization techniques (optical imaging, scanning probe and electron microscopy) along with density functional theory to investigate the presence of substitutional doping localized at narrow regions along the S zigzag edge of ${\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$ monolayers. We verified that photoluminescence quenching along narrow regions is not related to grain boundaries but to substitutional impurities of lighter metals at the W sites, which modify the radiative and nonradiative decay channels. We also found potential candidates for occupying the W site through ADF-STEM analysis and discussed their impact on photoluminescence quenching by performing density functional theory calculations. Our findings shed light on how atomic defects introduced during ${\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$ monolayer's synthesis impact the crystalline quality and, therefore, the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices based on semiconducting 2D materials.