Frailty and sarcopenia within the earliest national Dutch childhood cancer survivor cohort (DCCSS-LATER): a cross-sectional study
Jenneke E. van Atteveld, Demi T.C. de Winter, Vincent G. Pluimakers, Marta Fiocco, Rutger A. J. Nievelstein, Monique G. G. Hobbelink, Leontien C.M. Kremer, Martha A. Grootenhuis, Heleen Maurice‐Stam, Wim J. E. Tissing, Andrica C. H. de Vries, Jacqueline J. Loonen, Eline van Dulmen‐den Broeder, Helena J. H. van der Pal, Saskia M.F. Pluijm, Margriet van der Heiden‐van der Loo, A. Birgitta Versluijs, Marloes Louwerens, Dorine Bresters, Hanneke M. van Santen, Imo E. Hoefer, Sjoerd A.A. van den Berg, Jaap den Hartogh, Jan H.J. Hoeijmakers, Sebastian J C M M Neggers, Marry M. van den Heuvel‐Eibrink
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer survivors appear to be at increased risk of frailty and sarcopenia, but evidence on the occurrence of and high-risk groups for these aging phenotypes is scarce, especially in European survivors. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of and explore risk factors for pre-frailty, frailty, and sarcopenia in a national cohort of Dutch childhood cancer survivors diagnosed between 1963 and 2001. METHODS: Eligible individuals (alive at the time of study, living in the Netherlands, age 18-45 years, and had not previously declined to participate in a late-effects study) from the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (DCCSS-LATER) cohort were invited to take part in this cross-sectional study. We defined pre-frailty and frailty according to modified Fried criteria, and sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 definition. Associations between these conditions and demographic and treatment-related as well as endocrine and lifestyle-related factors were estimated with two separate multivariable logistic regression models in survivors with any frailty measurement or complete sarcopenia measurements. FINDINGS: (OR 3·90 [1·65-9·24]), hyperthyroidism (OR 2·87 [1·06-7·76]), bone mineral density Z score ≤-2 (OR 2·85 [1·54-5·29]), and folic acid deficiency (OR 2·04 [1·20-3·46]). Male sex (OR 4·56 [95%CI 2·26-9·17]), lower BMI (continuous, OR 0·52 [0·45-0·60]), cranial irradiation (OR 3·87 [1·80-8·31]), total body irradiation (OR 4·52 [1·67-12·20]), hypogonadism (OR 3·96 [1·40-11·18]), growth hormone deficiency (OR 4·66 [1·44-15·15]), and vitamin B12 deficiency (OR 6·26 [2·17-1·81]) were significantly associated with sarcopenia. INTERPRETATION: Our findings show that frailty and sarcopenia occur already at a mean age of 33 years in childhood cancer survivors. Early recognition and interventions for endocrine disorders and dietary deficiencies could be important in minimising the risk of pre-frailty, frailty, and sarcopenia in this population. FUNDING: Children Cancer-free Foundation, KiKaRoW, Dutch Cancer Society, ODAS Foundation.