(−)-Hydroxycitric Acid Alleviates Oleic Acid-Induced Steatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Primary Chicken Hepatocytes by Regulating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Levels
Longlong Li, Chu Xu, Yao Yao, Ji Cao, Qian Li, Haitian Ma
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most complex liver diseases in the world, which is characterized by hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. (−)-Hydroxycitric acid [(−)-HCA] can regulate obesity in different animals, while whether this beneficial effect of (−)-HCA can alleviate the NAFLD and its mechanism is unclear. Hence, this study aimed to determine the potential actions and mechanisms of (−)-HCA on NAFLD in oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatocytes. We found that (−)-HCA effectively improved OA-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating the expression level of fat metabolism key factors, which was achieved by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in hepatocytes. Importantly, activated AMPK alleviates mitochondrial disorder via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α)–nuclear transcription factor 1 (NRF-1)–mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) pathway, then reduces reactive oxygen species production, and blocks the activation of p38 MAPK–NF-κB pathway in OA-induced hepatocytes. These results not only provide a theoretical basis for the occurrence and development of NAFLD but also offer compelling evidence for prevention of NAFLD supplemental with (−)-HCA.