Life After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Widespread Structural Brain Changes Associated With Psychological Distress Revealed With Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Francesca Sibilia, Rachel M. Custer, Andrei Irimia, Farshid Sepehrband, Arthur W. Toga, Ryan P. Cabeen, Opeolu Adeoye, Neeraj Badjatia, Yelena Bodien, M. Ross Bullock, Randall M. Chesnut, John D. Corrigan, Karen Crawford, Ramon Diaz‐Arrastia, Ann-Christine Duhaime, Richard Ellenbogen, V. Ramana Feeser, Adam R. Ferguson, Brandon Foreman, Raquel C. Gardner, Etienne Gaudette, Dana P. Goldman, Luis González, Shankar Gopinath, Rao P. Gullapalli, J. Claude Hemphill, Gillian Hotz, Frederick K. Korley, Joel H. Kramer, Natalie Kreitzer, Christopher J. Lindsell, Joan Machamer, Christopher J. Madden, Alastair J. Martin, Thomas W. McAllister, Randall E. Merchant, Laura B. Ngwenya, Florence Noël, David O. Okonkwo, Eva Palacios, Daniel P. Perl, Ava M. Puccio, Miri Rabinowitz, Claudia S. Robertson, Jonathan Rosand, Angelle M. Sander, Gabriella Satris, David M. Schnyer, Seth A. Seabury, Sabrina R. Taylor, Arthur W. Toga, Alex B. Valadka, Mary J. Vassar, Paul Vespa, Kevin Wang, John K. Yue, Ross Zafonte
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can alter brain structure and lead to onset of persistent neuropsychological symptoms. This study investigates the relationship between brain injury and psychological distress after mild TBI using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: A total of 89 patients with mild TBI from the TRACK-TBI (Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury) pilot study were included. Subscales of the Brief Symptoms Inventory 18 for depression, anxiety, and somatization were used as outcome measures of psychological distress approximately 6 months after the traumatic event. Glasgow Coma Scale scores were used to evaluate recovery. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired within 2 weeks after injury. Perivascular spaces (PVSs) were segmented using an enhanced PVS segmentation method, and the volume fraction was calculated for the whole brain and white matter regions. Cortical thickness and gray matter structures volumes were calculated in FreeSurfer; diffusion imaging indices and multifiber tracts were extracted using the Quantitative Imaging Toolkit. The analysis was performed considering age, sex, intracranial volume, educational attainment, and improvement level upon discharge as covariates. Results: PVS fractions in the posterior cingulate, fusiform, and postcentral areas were found to be associated with somatization symptoms. Depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms were associated with the cortical thickness of the frontal-opercularis and occipital pole, putamen and amygdala volumes, and corticospinal tract and superior thalamic radiation. Analyses were also performed on the two hemispheres separately to explore lateralization. Conclusions: This study shows how PVS, cortical, and microstructural changes can predict the onset of depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in patients with mild TBI.