Green Biorefinery systems for the production of climate-smart sustainable products from grasses, legumes and green crop residues
James Gaffey, Gaurav Rajauria, Helena McMahon, Rajeev Ravindran, Carmen Girón Domínguez, Morten Ambye-Jensen, Macella F. Souza, Erik Meers, Marta Macías Aragonés, Dubravka Škunca, Johan P. M. Sanders
Abstract
Grasses, legumes and green plant wastes represent a ubiquitous feedstock for developing a bioeconomy in regions across Europe. These feedstocks are often an important source of ruminant feed, although much remains unused or underutilised. In addition to proteins, these materials are rich in fibres, sugars, minerals and other components that could also be used as inputs for bio-based product development. Green Biorefinery processes and initiatives are being developed to better capitalise on the potential of these feedstocks to produce sustainable food, feed, materials and energy in an integrated way. Such systems may support a more sustainable primary production sector, enable the valorisation of green waste streams, and provide new business models for farmers. This review presents the current developments in Green Biorefining, focusing on a broad feedstock and product base to include different models of Green Biorefinery. It demonstrates the potential and wide applicability of Green Biorefinery systems, the range of bio-based product opportunities and highlights the way forward for their broader implementation. While the potential for new products is extensive, quality control approval will be required prior to market entry.