Small Molecule MIF Modulation Enhances Ferroptosis by Impairing DNA Repair Mechanisms
Deng Chen, Chunlong Zhao, Jianqiu Zhang, Catharina W. J. Knol, Angelina Osipyan, Nad’a Majerníková, Tingting Chen, Zhangping Xiao, Jeaunice Adriana, Andrew J. Griffith, Abel Soto Gamez, Petra E. van der Wouden, Robert P. Coppes, Amalia M. Dolga, Hidde J. Haisma, Frank J. Dekker
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that can be modulated by small molecules and has the potential for the development of therapeutics for oncology. Although excessive lipid peroxidation is the defining hallmark of ferroptosis, DNA damage may also play a significant role. In this study, a potential mechanistic role for MIF in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair is identified. The inhibition or genetic depletion of MIF or other HR proteins, such as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), is demonstrated to significantly enhance the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis. The interference with HR results in the translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 to the mitochondria, which in turn stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that MIF-directed small molecules enhance ferroptosis via a putative MIF-BRCA1-RAD51 axis in HR, which causes resistance to ferroptosis. This suggests a potential novel druggable route to enhance ferroptosis by targeted anticancer therapeutics in the future.