A Bivalent Human Norovirus Vaccine Induces Homotypic and Heterotypic Neutralizing Antibodies
Robert L. Atmar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sasirekha Ramani, Frederick H. Neill, Lisa C. Lindesmith, Ralph S. Baric, Amanda Brinkman, Ralph P. Braun, James Sherwood, Mary K. Estes
Abstract
A GII.2 outbreak in an efficacy study of a bivalent virus-like particle norovirus vaccine, TAK-214, in healthy US adults provided an opportunity to examine GII.4 homotypic vs GII.2 heterotypic responses to vaccination and infection. Three serologic assays-virus-like particle binding, histoblood group antigen blocking, and neutralizing-were performed for each genotype. Results were highly correlated within a genotype but not between genotypes. Although the vaccine provided protection from GII.2-associated disease, little GII.2-specific neutralization occurred after vaccination. Choice of antibody assay can affect assessments of human norovirus vaccine immunogenicity.