Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper) leaves extract: in vitro and in vivo evidence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
Marcel da Silva Nascimento, Péligris Henrique dos Santos, Fabíula F. Abreu, Andréa Yu Kwan Villar Shan, Ricardo Guimarães Amaral, Luciana Nalone Andrade, Eliana B. Souto, Matheus Ismerim Silva Santos, Ariel de Souza Graça, J.B.D’A. de Souza, Joanda P. R. e Silva, Josean Fechine Tavares, Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva, Cristiane Bani Corrêa, Monalisa Martins Montalvão, Sonia Piacente, Cosimo Pìzza, Enilton A. Camargo, Charles dos Santos Estevam
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of Brazilian peppertree Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (EAELSt). Total phenols and flavonoids, chemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and lipoperoxidation assays), and cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts were determined. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were evaluated using TPA-induced ear inflammation model in mice. Phenol and flavonoid contents were 19.2 ± 0.4 and 93.8 ± 5.2 of gallic acid or quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. LC–MS analysis identified 43 compounds, of which myricetin-O-pentoside and quercetin-O-rhamnoside were major peaks of chromatogram. Incubation with EAELSt decreased the amount of DPPH radical (EC 50 of 54.5 ± 2.4 µg/mL) and lipoperoxidation at 200–500 µg/mL. The incubation with EAELSt did not change fibroblast viability up to 100 µg/mL. Topical treatment with EAELSt significantly reduced edema and myeloperoxidase activity at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/ear when compared to the vehicle-treated group. In addition, EAELSt decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels. Besides, it modulated markers of oxidative stress (reduced total hydroperoxides and increased sulfhydryl contents and ferrium reduction potential) and increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, without altering GPx activity.