Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD 235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES
J. Orell-Miquel, M. Lampón, M. López-Puertas, M. Mallorquín, F. Murgas, A. Peláez-Torres, Ε. Πάλλη, E. Esparza-Borges, J. Sanz‐Forcada, H. M. Tabernero, L. Nortmann, E. Nagel, H. Parviainen, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, J. A. Caballero, S. Czesla, C. Cifuentes, G. Morello, A. Quirrenbach, P. J. Amado, A. Fernández-Martín, Akihiko Fukui, Th. Henning, K. Kawauchi, J. P. de Leon, Karan Molaverdikhani, D. Montes, N. Narita, A. Reiners, I. Ribas, A. Sánchez-López, A. Schweitzer, M. Stangret, F. Yan
Abstract
HD 235088 (TOI-1430) is a young star known to host a sub-Neptune-sized planet candidate. We validated the planetary nature of HD 235088 b with multiband photometry, refined its planetary parameters, and obtained a new age estimate of the host star, placing it at 600–800 Myr. Previous spectroscopic observations of a single transit detected an excess absorption of He I coincident in time with the planet candidate transit. Here, we confirm the presence of He I in the atmosphere of HD 235088 b with one transit observed with CARMENES. We also detected hints of variability in the strength of the helium signal, with an absorption of −0.91 ± 0.11%, which is slightly deeper (2 σ ) than the previous measurement. Furthermore, we simulated the He I signal with a spherically symmetric 1D hydrodynamic model, finding that the upper atmosphere of HD 235088 b escapes hydrodynamically with a significant mass loss rate of (1.5−5) × 10 10 g s −1 in a relatively cold outflow, with T = 3125 ±375 K, in the photon-limited escape regime. HD 235088 b ( R p = 2.045 ± 0.075 R ⊕ ) is the smallest planet found to date with a solid atmospheric detection – not just of He I but any other atom or molecule. This positions it a benchmark planet for further analyses of evolving young sub-Neptune atmospheres.