Genetically modified Crops: Balancing safety, sustainability, and global security
José L. Domingo
Abstract
The present review examines the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops through analysis of regulatory frameworks, health and environmental impacts, technological advances, and public perception. It is based on peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and June 2025. The review reveals significant global variability in regulatory approaches. The European Union implements stringent process-based systems that limit innovation. The USA employs product-based frameworks that facilitate adoption. Extensive empirical evidence consistently supports the safety of approved GM crops for human health and environmental protection. However, notable gaps remain in long-term ecological monitoring and cumulative assessment. Technological advances, particularly genome editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, offer enhanced precision and efficiency. These technologies face considerable regulatory uncertainty across jurisdictions. Public acceptance demonstrates marked regional variations. These variations are influenced by risk perception levels, trust in regulatory authorities, and cultural factors. Transparent science-based communication is identified as critical for improving societal engagement. Reviews of GM crop status highlight the rapid global expansion of approved traits and cultivation areas. They emphasize consistent safety profiles across diverse agricultural systems and regulatory frameworks. Current assessments indicate that GM crops represent mature biotechnology with substantial potential for addressing future food security challenges. This potential comes through enhanced productivity, stress tolerance, and nutritional improvement. Regulatory disparities create significant trade constraints that disproportionately impact developing nations. These constraints have substantial economic implications for global agricultural markets. However, there is an urgent need for harmonized science-based regulations, enhanced methodologies for long-term risk assessment, and inclusive governance models. These models must effectively reconcile innovation imperatives with safety requirements and public trust considerations.