Vitamin D3 metabolite ratio as an indicator of vitamin D status and its association with diabetes complications
Lina Ahmed, Alexandra E. Butler, Soha R. Dargham, Aishah Latif, Omar Chidiac, Stephen L. Atkin, Charbel Abi Khalil
Abstract
Abstract Background Vitamin D deficiency is diagnosed by total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and is associated with poor health and increased mortality; however, some populations have low 25(OH) D concentrations without manifestations of vitamin D deficiency. The Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio (VMR) has been suggested as a superior indicator of vitamin D status. Therefore, VMR was determined in a population with type 2 diabetes at high risk for vitamin D deficiency and correlated with diabetic complications. Research design and methods Four hundred sisty patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were recruited, all were vitamin D 3 supplement naive. Plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25(OH)D 3 ) and its metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (24,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) and its epimer, 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (3-epi-25(OH)D 3 ), were measured by LC-MS/MS analysis. VMR-1 was calculated as a ratio of 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 :25(OH)D 3 ; VMR-2 as a ratio of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 :25(OH)D 3 ; VMR-3 was calculated as a ratio of 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 : 25(OH)D 3. Results An association means that there were significant differences between the ratios found for those with versus those without the various diabetic complications studied. VMR-1 was associated with diabetic retinopathy ( p = 0.001) and peripheral artery disease ( p = 0.012); VMR-2 associated with hypertension ( p < 0.001), dyslipidemia ( p < 0.001), diabetic retinopathy ( p < 0.001), diabetic neuropathy ( p < 0.001), coronary artery disease ( p = 0.001) and stroke ( p < 0.05). VMR-3 associated with hypertension ( p < 0.05), dyslipidemia ( p < 0.001) and coronary artery disease ( p < 0.05). Conclusions In this cross sectional study, whilst not causal, VMR-2 was shown to be the superior predictor of diabetic and cardiovascular complications though not demonstrative of causality in this cross-sectional study population over VMR-1, VMR-3 and the individual vitamin D concentration measurements; VMR-2 associated with both microvascular and cardiovascular indices and therefore may have utility in predicting the development of diabetic complications.