Bladder Cancer detection by urinary methylation markers GHSR/MAL: a validation study
Irene Beijert, Yara van den Burgt, Anouk E. Hentschel, Judith Bosschieter, Paul C. Kauer, Birgit I. Lissenberg‐Witte, R. Jeroen A. van Moorselaar, Jakko A. Nieuwenhuijzen, Renske D.M. Steenbergen
Abstract
PURPOSE: Although cystoscopy is a reliable tool for detecting bladder cancer, it poses a high burden on patients and entails high costs. This highlights the need for non-invasive and cost-effective alternatives. This study aimed to validate a previously developed urinary methylation marker panel containing GHSR and MAL. METHODS: We enrolled 134 patients who underwent cystoscopy because of hematuria, including 63 individuals with primary bladder cancer and 71 with non-malignant findings. Urine samples were self-collected at home and sent via regular mail. Subsequently, DNA was extracted and the hypermethylation of GHSR and MAL was evaluated using quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The performance of methylation markers was assessed using area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis and sensitivity and specificity based on pre-established cut-off values. RESULTS: Validation of the marker panel GHSR/MAL resulted in an AUC of 0.87 at 79% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Sensitivity was comparable to the previous investigation (P > 0.9), though specificity was significantly lower (P = 0.026). Sensitivity was higher for high-grade tumors compared to low-grade tumors (94% vs. 60%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Validation of the GHSR/MAL methylation marker panel on at home collected urine samples confirms its robust performance for bladder cancer detection in a hematuria population, and underscores the diagnostic potential for future clinical application.