Research trends in CO2 utilization: Catalytic strategies for sustainable energy and environmental protection
Geun Ho Kim, Jung Woon Yang
Abstract
Anthropogenic accumulation of CO 2 has prompted the urgent need for carbon-neutral technologies that integrate environmental sustainability with molecular innovation. In this context, catalytic conversion of CO 2 into energy-relevant and value-added compounds is a transformative strategy for closing the carbon loop. This review highlights the recent progress in organocatalytic and transition-metal-free approaches for CO 2 valorization, including methanol and methane synthesis for sustainable fuel applications, as well as the generation of cyclic carbonates, carbamates, N -methylamine, N -formylamine, heterocycles, and fine chemicals under mild conditions. Special focus has been placed on three key catalyst platforms—NHCs ( N -heterocyclic carbenes), FLPs (frustrated Lewis pairs), and TBD (1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene)-type guanidine bases—that facilitate efficient CO 2 activation via zwitterionic or bifunctional intermediates. Mechanistic insights, scope of substrate compatibility, and the evolution of catalyst design are systematically discussed to elucidate their roles in advancing CO 2 -based synthetic methodologies. Furthermore, the integration of these catalytic systems with renewable resources and green reductants offers a promising direction for the development of low-carbon chemical manufacturing. By connecting molecular-level innovation with sustainable process design, this review highlights the emerging potential of organocatalytic CO 2 utilization in the broader context of energy transition, environmental protection, and carbon resource circularity.