Essential information about nanotechnology in cardiology
Chukwuka Elendu, Dependable C. Amaechi, Tochi C. Elendu, Emmanuel C. Amaechi, Ijeoma D. Elendu, Janet C. Omeludike, Eunice Omeludike, Nwamaka C. Onubogu, Emmanuel C. Ogelle, Oluwatobi O.M. Meduoye, Praise O. Oloyede, Chiamaka P. Ezeh, Ikpembhosa J. Esangbedo, Augustina C. Adigwe, Nnachi M. Akuma, Silas U. Okafor
Abstract
Cardiology, as a medical specialty, addresses cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a leading cause of global mortality. Nanomaterials offer transformative potential across key areas such as drug delivery, stem cell therapy, imaging, and gene delivery. Nanomaterials improve solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery in drug delivery, reducing systemic side effects. Examples include gas microbubbles, liposomal preparations, and paramagnetic nanoparticles, which show promise in treating atherosclerosis. Stem cell therapy benefits from nanotechnology through enhanced cell culture conditions and three-dimensional scaffolds that support cardiomyocyte growth and survival. Gold nanoparticles and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-derived microparticles further improve stem cell viability. In imaging, nanomaterials enable advanced visualization techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging with direct labeling and optical tracking via dye-conjugated nanoparticles. In gene delivery, polymeric nanocarriers like polyethyleneimine, dendrimers, and graphene-based materials offer efficient, non-viral alternatives, with magnetic nanoparticles showing promise in targeted applications. Ongoing research highlights the potential of nanomaterials to revolutionize CVD management by improving therapeutic outcomes and enabling precision medicine. These advancements position nanotechnology as a cornerstone of modern cardiology.