The Surface Tension and Density of Molten Sc$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, La$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, Y$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, and MgO Measured via a Pendant Droplet Method
Jonathan Paras, Osamu Takeda, Mindy Wu, Antoine Allanore
Abstract
Abstract A thermal imaging furnace (TIF) was used to study the physical properties of molten Sc $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , La $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , Y $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , Al $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and MgO via a containerless method. The density and surface tension of molten droplets of Sc $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , La $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , Y $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , Al $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3},$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and MgO suspended from their own solid were measured in situ using live video under a range of oxygen partial pressures (1 $$\rightarrow $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> </mml:math> 10 $$^{-6}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> atm O $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ). To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first time the surface tension and density of molten MgO and Sc $$_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> O $$_{3}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> have been reported. A relationship between molten oxide surface tension and the enthalpy of vaporization is proposed, and a comparison is drawn between the oxide properties and similar relationships previously established for liquid metals.