Interactions among the mycobiome, bacteriome, inflammation, and diet in people living with HIV
María José Gosalbes, Nuria Jiménez‐Hernández, Elena Moreno, Alejandro Artacho, Xavier Pons, Sônia Silveira Ruiz, Beatriz Navia, Vicente Estrada, Mónica Manzano, Alba Talavera-Rodríguez, Nadia Madrid, Alejandro Vallejo, Laura Luna, José A. Pérez‐Molina, Santiago Moreno, Sergio Serrano‐Villar
Abstract
species and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (sTNF-R2 and IL-17), interleukin 22 (a cytokine implicated in the regulation of mucosal immunity), and CD8+ T cell counts. This suggests an important role of the yeasts in systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, we identified inter-kingdom interactions implicated in fiber degradation, short-chain fatty acid production, and lipid metabolism, and an effect of vegetable and fiber intake on the mycobiome. Therefore, despite the great differences in abundance and diversity between the bacterial and fungal communities of the gut, we defined the changes associated with HIV, determined several different inter-kingdom associations, and found links between the mycobiome, nutrient metabolism, and systemic immunity.