New state of matter between the hadronic phase and the quark-gluon plasma?

Abstract

Lattice-quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations and theoretical arguments hint at the existence of an intermediate phase of strongly interacting matter between a confined hadron gas and a deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP). We qualitatively and semiquantitatively explore and differentiate the phase structures in the temperature window from the QCD pseudocritical temperature <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:msub> <a:mrow> <a:mi>T</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">c</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:msub> <a:mo>≃</a:mo> <a:mn>160</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mi>MeV</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> to the pure gluonic deconfinement temperature <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <d:mrow> <d:msub> <d:mrow> <d:mi>T</d:mi> </d:mrow> <d:mrow> <d:mi mathvariant="normal">d</d:mi> </d:mrow> </d:msub> <d:mo>≃</d:mo> <d:mn>285</d:mn> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:mtext> </d:mtext> <d:mi>MeV</d:mi> </d:mrow> </d:math> . We propose a three-regime picture using a hadron resonance gas description augmented with the exponential spectrum of strings, corresponding to highly excited mesons and glueballs, based on the analysis of a large number <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:msub> <g:mi>N</g:mi> <g:mi mathvariant="normal">c</g:mi> </g:msub> </g:math> of colors. We estimate the entropy density from our model to confirm that the lattice-QCD data are bracketed with three regimes, i.e., a hadron gas, a QGP, and a new phase for <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <j:mrow> <j:msub> <j:mrow> <j:mi>T</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">c</j:mi> </j:mrow> </j:msub> <j:mo>≲</j:mo> <j:mi>T</j:mi> <j:mo>≲</j:mo> <j:msub> <j:mrow> <j:mi>T</j:mi> </j:mrow> <j:mrow> <j:mi mathvariant="normal">d</j:mi> </j:mrow> </j:msub> </j:mrow> </j:math> . In this new phase, which we name a spaghetti of quarks with glueballs (SQGBs), thermal degrees of freedom of quarks are liberated, yet gluons remain confined in glueballs. Since the Hagedorn temperature <n:math xmlns:n="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <n:mrow> <n:msub> <n:mrow> <n:mi>T</n:mi> </n:mrow> <n:mrow> <n:mi mathvariant="normal">H</n:mi> </n:mrow> </n:msub> <n:mo>∼</n:mo> <n:mn>285</n:mn> <n:mtext> </n:mtext> <n:mtext> </n:mtext> <n:mi>MeV</n:mi> </n:mrow> </n:math> is universal in the meson and the glueball sectors, in the infinite- <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <q:msub> <q:mi>N</q:mi> <q:mi mathvariant="normal">c</q:mi> </q:msub> </q:math> limit, the phase diagram in the plane of the baryon chemical potential and the temperature is reduced to one with the confined and deconfined phases and quarkyonic matter at high density. At large but finite <t:math xmlns:t="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <t:msub> <t:mi>N</t:mi> <t:mi mathvariant="normal">c</t:mi> </t:msub> </t:math> , an SQGB window may open between these phases. We point out that the SQGB has interesting similarities with quarkyonic matter and that this matter in the large- <w:math xmlns:w="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <w:msub> <w:mi>N</w:mi> <w:mi mathvariant="normal">c</w:mi> </w:msub> </w:math> limit is confined as measured by the interaction between heavy quarks, but behaves in other respects like a quasifree gas of quarks. As a result of the extrapolation to <z:math xmlns:z="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <z:msub> <z:mi>N</z:mi> <z:mi mathvariant="normal">c</z:mi> </z:msub> <z:mo>=</z:mo> <z:mn>3</z:mn> </z:math> , we present a revised phase diagram with the SQGB phase bounded by thermal crossovers. Finally, we give a quantitative analysis of chiral-symmetry restoration in the SQGB phase.

Topics & Concepts