Sensing Technologies for Extravasation Detection: A Review
Ikue Hirata, Arianna Mazzotta, Pooyan Makvandi, Ilaria Cesini, Chiara Brioschi, Andrea Ferraris, Virgilio Mattoli
Abstract
Peripheral intravenous catheters are administered for various purposes, such as blood sampling or the infusion of contrast agents and drugs. Extravasation happens when the catheter is unintentionally directed outside of the vein due to movement of the intravascular catheter, enhanced vascular permeability, or occlusion of the upstream vein. In this article, extravasation and its mechanism are discussed. Subsequently, the sensorized devices (e.g., single sensor and multimodal detection) to identify the extravasation phenomena are highlighted. In this review article, we have shed light on both physiological and engineering points of view of extravasation and its detection approaches. This review provides an overview on the most recent and relevant technologies that can help in the early detection of extravasation.