Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial activity of propolis from different locations in Turkey
Fahad Al Juhaimi, Mehmet Musa Özcan, Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Omer N. Alsawmahia, Mustafa Mete Özcan, Kashif Ghafoor, Elfadıl E. Babiker
Abstract
The bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of propolis collected from five locations in Turkey were examined. The total phenolics (TP) of propolis samples ranged from 79.17 to 174.51 mg GA/kg while the total flavonoids (TF) varied from 41.19 to 70.19 mg QE/kg; Muğla and Konya samples exhibited (p < 0.05) high TP and TF values, respectively. The antioxidant activity as DPPH varied between samples and was observed to be higher in the Muğla region than others, while as FRAP ranged from 1.17 to 3.74 µmol Fe (II)/g. HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds (PC) showed that pinocembrin was the major constituent, followed by pinobanksin. Analysis of fatty acids showed that eicosenoic acid was dominant in the Konia, Adana and Osmaniye samples, palmitic acid in the Erzurum sample, and cis-11, 14-eicosadienoic in the Muğla sample. All samples demonstrated varied inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.