The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission
Robert O. Green, N. M. Mahowald, Charlene Ung, David R. Thompson, Lori Bator, M. Bennet, Michael Bernas, Natalie Blackway, Christine Bradley, Jeff Cha, P. E. Clark, R. N. Clark, Deborah Cloud, Ernesto Diaz, Eyal Ben Dor, Riley Duren, Michael L. Eastwood, B. L. Ehlmann, Lisa de las Fuentes, Paul Ginoux, Johannes Größ, Yutao He, О. В. Калашникова, William Kert, Didier Keymeulen, Matt Klimesh, Daniel Ku, Helenann Kwong-Fu, Elliott Liggett, Longlei Li, S. Lundeen, Maciej D. Makowski, Alan S. Mazer, R. L. Miller, Pantazis Mouroulis, Bogdan Oaida, Gregory S. Okin, Alberto Ortega, Amalaye Oyake, Hung V. Nguyen, Theresa Pace, T. H. Painter, Jack Pempejian, Carlos Pérez García‐Pando, Thang Pham, Benjamin Phillips, Randy Pollock, Richard L. Purcell, Vincent J. Realmuto, Josh Schoolcraft, Amit Sen, Simon Shin, Lucas Shaw, Manny Soriano, Gregg A. Swayze, Erik Thingvold, Afsheen Vaid, Jason Zan
Abstract
The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation, EMIT, is planned to operate from the International Space Station starting no earlier than the fall of 2021. EMIT will use visible to short wavelength infrared imaging spectroscopy to determine the mineral composition of the arid land dust source regions of the Earth to advance our knowledge of the radiative forcing effect of these aerosols. Mineral dust emitted into the atmosphere under high wind conditions is an element of the Earth system with many impacts to the Earth's energy balance, atmosphere, surface, and oceans. The Earth's mineral dust cycle with source, transport, and deposition phases are studied with advanced Earth System Models. Because the chemical composition, optical and surface properties of soil particles vary strongly with the mineral composition of the source, these models require knowledge of surface soil mineral dust source composition to accurately understand dust impacts on the Earth system now and in the future. At present, compositional knowledge of the Earth's mineral dust source regions from existing data sets is uncertain as a result of limited measurements. EMIT will use spectroscopically-derived surface mineral composition to update the prescribed boundary conditions for state-of-the-art Earth System Models. The EMIT-initialized models will be used to investigate the impact of direct radiative forcing in the Earth system that depends strongly on the composition of the mineral dust aerosols emitted into the atmosphere. These new measurements and related products will be used to address the EMIT science objectives and made available to the science community for additional investigations. An overview of the EMIT science, development, and mission is presented in this paper.