Universal Suzuki–Miyaura Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization for Precision Synthesis of Strong Donor/Acceptor-Based Conjugated Polymers and Their Sequence Engineering
Jaeho Lee, Hwangseok Kim, Hyunwoo Park, Tae-Hyun Kim, Soon‐Hyeok Hwang, Daye Seo, Taek Dong Chung, Tae‐Lim Choi
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polymerization has revolutionized the field of polymer synthesis due to its living character, but for a given catalyst system, the polymer scope is rather narrow. Herein we report a highly efficient Suzuki–Miyaura catalyst-transfer polymerization (SCTP) that covers a wide range of monomers from electron-rich (donor, D) to electron-deficient (acceptor, A) (hetero)arenes by rationally designing boronate monomers and using commercially available Buchwald RuPhos and SPhos Pd G3 precatalysts. Initially, we optimized the controlled polymerization of 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT), benzotriazole (BTz), quinoxaline (QX), and 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (QXPh) by introducing new boronates, such as 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocane and its N-benzylated derivative, to modulate the reactivity and stability of the monomers. As a result, PProDOT, PBTz, PQX, and PQXPh were prepared with controlled molecular weight and narrow dispersity (Đ < 1.29) in excellent yield (>85%). A detailed investigation of the polymer structures using 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF spectrometry supported the chain-growth mechanism and the high initiation efficiency of the SCTP method. In addition, the use of RuPhos–Pd showing excellent catalyst-transfer ability on both D/A monomers led to unprecedented controlled D–A statistical copolymerization, thereby modulating the HOMO energy level (from −5.11 to −4.80 eV) and band gap energy (from 1.68 to 1.91 eV) of the resulting copolymers. Moreover, to demonstrate the living nature of SCTP, various combinations of D–A and A–A block copolymers (PBTz-b-PProDOT, PQX-b-PProDOT, and PQX-b-PBTz) were successfully prepared by the sequential addition method. Finally, simple but powerful one-shot D–A block copolymerization was achieved by maximizing the rate difference between a fast-propagating pinacol boronate donor and a slow-propagating acceptor to afford well-defined poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(benzotriazole).