Gaze as an Indicator of Input Recognition Errors
Candace E. Peacock, Ben Lafreniere, Ting Zhang, Stephanie Santosa, Hrvoje Benko, Tanya R. Jonker
Abstract
Input recognition errors are common in gesture- and touch-based recognition systems, and negatively affect user experience and performance. When errors occur, systems are unaware of them, but the user's gaze following an error may provide valuable cues for error detection. A study was conducted using a manual serial selection task to investigate whether gaze could be used to discriminate user-initiated selections from injected false positive selection errors. Logistic regression models of gaze dynamics could successfully identify injected selection errors as early as 50 milliseconds following a selection, with performance peaking at 550 milliseconds. A two-phase gaze pattern was observed in which users exhibited high gaze motion immediately following errors, and then decreased gaze motion as the error was noticed. Together, these results provide the first demonstration that gaze dynamics can be used to detect input recognition errors, and open new possibilities for systems that can assist with error recovery.