ALMA CO Observations of Gamma-Ray Supernova Remnant N132D in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Possible Evidence for Shocked Molecular Clouds Illuminated by Cosmic-Ray Protons
Hidetoshi Sano, Paul P. Plucinsky, Aya Bamba, Piyush Sharda, M. D. Filipović, Charles J. Law, R. Z. E. Alsaberi, Yumiko Yamane, Kazuki Tokuda, F. Acero, M. Sasaki, Jacco Vink, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Shu‐ichiro Inutsuka, Jiro Shimoda, Kisetsu Tsuge, K. Fujii, F. Voisin, Nigel Maxted, Gavin Rowell, Toshikazu Onishi, Akiko Kawamura, N. Mizuno, Hiroaki Yamamoto, Kengo Tachihara, Y. Fukui
Abstract
Abstract N132D is the brightest gamma-ray supernova remnant (SNR) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We carried out 12 CO( J = 1–0, 3–2) observations toward the SNR using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. We find diffuse CO emission not only at the southern edge of the SNR as previously known, but also inside the X-ray shell. We spatially resolved nine molecular clouds using ALMA with an angular resolution of 5″, corresponding to a spatial resolution of ∼1 pc at the distance of the LMC. Typical cloud sizes and masses are ∼2.0 pc and ∼100 M ⊙ , respectively. High intensity ratios of CO J = 3–2/1–0 > 1.5 are seen toward the molecular clouds, indicating that shock heating has occurred. Spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy reveals that thermal X-rays in the center of N132D are produced not only behind a molecular cloud but also in front of it. Considering the absence of a thermal component associated with the forward shock toward one molecular cloud located along the line of sight to the center of the remnant, this suggests that this particular cloud is engulfed by shock waves and is positioned on the near side of the remnant. If the hadronic process is the dominant contributor to the gamma-ray emission, the shock-engulfed clouds play a role as targets for cosmic rays. We estimate the total energy of cosmic-ray protons accelerated in N132D to be ∼0.5–3.8 × 10 49 erg as a conservative lower limit, which is similar to that observed in Galactic gamma-ray SNRs.