De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes
Matthew B. Hufford, Arun S. Seetharam, Margaret Woodhouse, Kapeel Chougule, Shujun Ou, Jianing Liu, William A. Ricci, Tingting Guo, Andrew Olson, Yinjie Qiu, Rafael Della Coletta, Silas Tittes, Asher I. Hudson, Alexandre P. Marand, Sharon Wei, Zhenyuan Lu, Bo Wang, Marcela K Tello-Ruiz, Rebecca D. Piri, Na Wang, Dong Won Kim, Yibing Zeng, Christine H. O’Connor, Xianran Li, Amanda M. Gilbert, Erin Baggs, Ksenia V. Krasileva, John L. Portwood, Ethalinda K. S. Cannon, Carson M. Andorf, Nancy Manchanda, Samantha J. Snodgrass, David E. Hufnagel, Qiuhan Jiang, Sarah Pedersen, Michael Syring, David Kudrna, Víctor Llaca, Kevin Fengler, Robert J. Schmitz, Jeffrey Ross‐Ibarra, Jianming Yu, Jonathan I. Gent, Candice N. Hirsch, Doreen Ware, R. Kelly Dawe
Abstract
We report de novo genome assemblies, transcriptomes, annotations, and methylomes for the 26 inbreds that serve as the founders for the maize nested association mapping population. The number of pan-genes in these diverse genomes exceeds 103,000, with approximately a third found across all genotypes. The results demonstrate that the ancient tetraploid character of maize continues to degrade by fractionation to the present day. Excellent contiguity over repeat arrays and complete annotation of centromeres revealed additional variation in major cytological landmarks. We show that combining structural variation with single-nucleotide polymorphisms can improve the power of quantitative mapping studies. We also document variation at the level of DNA methylation and demonstrate that unmethylated regions are enriched for cis-regulatory elements that contribute to phenotypic variation.