Intracardiac Echocardiography–Guided TIPS: A Primer for New Operators
Matthew C. Grimsbo, Matthew Brown, Jonathan Lindquist, Kristofer Schramm, Daniel Kirkpatrick, Robert K. Ryu, Premal Trivedi
Abstract
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation is an effective intervention to address complications of decompensated portal hypertension, most commonly variceal hemorrhage and refractory ascites. While TIPS is considered challenging, reported technical success rate is high at 95%.[1] [2] Variant anatomy and relative contraindications such as portal vein thrombosis pose additional challenges and can reduce likelihood of success.[3] [4] Most operators consider puncture of the portal vein to be the technically difficult part of TIPS creation, which frequently requires multiple needle passes. Existing methods for the guidance of a needle pass into the portal vein do not provide real-time feedback and multiple needle passes are not without risk. Indirect portal venogram via injection of contrast or CO2 increases risk of hepatic laceration and air embolus, respectively. Direct venogram via percutaneous needle puncture of the portal system carries a heightened risk of hemorrhage.[3] [5] [6] Needle passes without real-time imaging guidance can lead to complications such as extrahepatic portal vein puncture, extracapsular puncture, hemoperitoneum, and hemobilia.[3] [4]