Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and individual emergency department visits for COVID-19: a case-crossover study in Canada
Éric Lavigne, Niilo Ryti, Antonio Gasparrini, Francesco Sera, Scott Weichenthal, Hong Chen, Teresa To, Greg J. Evans, Liu Sun, Aman Dheri, Lionnel Lemogo, Serge Olivier Kotchi, Dave Stieb
Abstract
Background Ambient air pollution is thought to contribute to increased risk of COVID-19, but the evidence is controversial. Objective To evaluate the associations between short-term variations in outdoor concentrations of ambient air pollution and COVID-19 emergency department (ED) visits. Methods We conducted a case-crossover study of 78 255 COVID-19 ED visits in Alberta and Ontario, Canada between 1 March 2020 and 31 March 2021. Daily air pollution data (ie, fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone were assigned to individual case of COVID-19 in 10 km × 10 km grid resolution. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate associations between air pollution and ED visits for COVID-19. Results Cumulative ambient exposure over 0–3 days to PM2.5 (OR 1.010; 95% CI 1.004 to 1.015, per 6.2 µg/m 3 ) and NO 2 (OR 1.021; 95% CI 1.015 to 1.028, per 7.7 ppb) concentrations were associated with ED visits for COVID-19. We found that the association between PM 2.5 and COVID-19 ED visits was stronger among those hospitalised following an ED visit, as a measure of disease severity, (OR 1.023; 95% CI 1.015 to 1.031) compared with those not hospitalised (OR 0.992; 95% CI 0.980 to 1.004) (p value for effect modification=0.04). Conclusions We found associations between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and COVID-19 ED visits. Exposure to air pollution may also lead to more severe COVID-19 disease.