Genetics of schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa
Süleyman Gülsüner, Dan J. Stein, Ezra Susser, Goodman Sibeko, Adele Pretorius, Tom Walsh, Lerato Majara, Michael M. Mndini, Sibonile G. Mqulwana, Odwa A. Ntola, Silvia Casadei, Linda Ngqengelele, Viktoriya Korchina, Celia van der Merwe, Megan Malan, Kim Fader, Min Feng, Emily A. Willoughby, Donna M. Muzny, Adam J. Baldinger, Howard Andrews, Ruben C. Gur, Richard A. Gibbs, Z. Zingela, Mohammed Nagdee, Raj Ramesar, Mary‐Claire King, Jon McClellan
Abstract
Africa, the ancestral home of all modern humans, is the most informative continent for understanding the human genome and its contribution to complex disease. To better understand the genetics of schizophrenia, we studied the illness in the Xhosa population of South Africa, recruiting 909 cases and 917 age-, gender-, and residence-matched controls. Individuals with schizophrenia were significantly more likely than controls to harbor private, severely damaging mutations in genes that are critical to synaptic function, including neural circuitry mediated by the neurotransmitters glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine. Schizophrenia is genetically highly heterogeneous, involving severe ultrarare mutations in genes that are critical to synaptic plasticity. The depth of genetic variation in Africa revealed this relationship with a moderate sample size and informed our understanding of the genetics of schizophrenia worldwide.