Advancements in surface engineering: A comprehensive review of functionally graded coatings for biomaterial implants
Khursheed Ahmad Sheikh, Mohammad Mohsin Khan, Abhijit Dey, Mohammad Farooq Wani
Abstract
The increasing demand for biomaterials in medical applications has driven their widespread use in replacing biological tissues and internal joints. However, implant failures remain a significant challenge, often caused by ion release and insufficient wear resistance, which can ultimately result in implant loosening. Additionally, the encapsulation of fibrous tissues and aseptic loosening further reduces implant life, compromising their strength and long-term reliability. Surface modification has become imperative to overcome these limitations and extend the lifespan of biomaterial implants. This review paper explores the recent advancements in functionally graded coatings (FGCs) for biomaterial implants, discussing various coating deposition methods and their distinctive characteristics. Particular attention is given to the surface modification of Ti–6Al–4V alloys, examining both the current progress and potential obstacles in adopting FGCs. By providing an in-depth analysis, the review paper aims to guide researchers in biomaterial science towards developing more effective strategies for improving implant performance and ensuring better outcomes for patients.