Optimization and Kinetic Studies on Biodiesel Conversion from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae Using Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst
Noorhafizah Hasanudin, Noraini Abd Ghani, Asyraf Hanim Ab Rahim, Ninna Sakina Azman, Nurhusna Aisyah Rosdi, Asiah Nusaibah Masri
Abstract
This study describes the potential conversion of dried microalgae. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the direct transesterification (DT) method and using ionic liquids (ILs) as a catalyst. In this work, the performance of monocationic IL, namely 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (IL 1), and dicationic IL, namely 1,4-bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl) butane dibromide (IL 2), as catalysts was compared for DT of C. vulgaris under microwave irradiation. The results revealed that IL 2 showed a better performance in catalyzing the DT reaction by producing 87.9 mg/g% of FAME, while the use of IL 1 led to 74.3 mg/g% of FAME under optimum conditions. The kinetic study for direct transesterification of C. vulgaris showed that the reaction followed a first order kinetic reaction where the activation energies were calculated to be 22.2499 kJ mol−1 and 22.0413 kJ mol−1 for IL 1 and IL 2, respectively.