Heteronuclear and Homonuclear Bimetallic Metallocenes of Alkaline Earths and Zinc
Matthew A. Gosch, David J. D. Wilson
Abstract
Hetero- and homonuclear dimetallocenes of group 2 (alkaline earth) and zinc metals, CpMM′Cp (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn), have been systematically investigated using quantum chemical calculations with a focus on novel metal–metal bonding, electronic structure, and stability. The metal–metal bonding is generally low-valent covalent bonding between M(I) centers. All BeM complexes along with MgMg, CaCa, CaSr, CaBa, SrSr, and BaBa metallocenes are stable with respect to dissociation, with loss of a neutral metal atom being the most favorable dissociation pathway. As an indicator of electronic stability, the largest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps are calculated for the Be-containing (BeBe, BeZn, BeMg; 3.17–5.95 eV) and MgMg (4.84 eV) metallocenes. Remarkably, CpBeBeCp with the first Be–Be bond has just been isolated [ Science 2023, 380, 1147−1149], with CpBeZnNacnac representing the first Be–Zn bond. The BeZn and BeMg metallocenes are promising targets for isolation, which would represent the first isolated Be–Mg covalent bond. Quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM) calculations highlight novel metal–metal bonding with BeBe, MgMg, CaCa, and SrSr metallocenes, with a non-nuclear local maximum in their electron density, termed a “non-nuclear attractor” (NNA) or “pseudoatom”. CpBeBeCp is unique in potentially having two NNAs in the Be–Be bond that contains 1.4 electrons that are delocalized and weakly bound. The metal–metal bonds are not just a simple bond with one bond critical point but rather by a bond exhibiting the more complex feature of two (or more) bond critical points mediated by pseudoatoms. The implications for bonding and reducing the reactivity of CpBeBeCp are discussed.