Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Maria Gorneva, Anna Tzonkov
Abstract
Abstract Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an overactive defense response of the body to an external or internal stressor. The physiological goal is elimination of insult source via release of acute-phase reactants, leading to significant pro-inflammatory immunological changes. In certain individuals, this process leads to an overreactive “cytokine storm,” causing reversible or irreversible end-organ damage. The diagnosis of SIRS can be made by the presence of two or more of the following criteria: (1) body temperature over 38°C or under 36°C; (2) heart rate greater than 90 beats/min; (3) respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/min or partial pressure of CO2 less than 32 mm Hg; and (4) leukocyte count greater than 12,000 or less than 4000/µL or over 10% immature forms or bands. Early diagnosis and intervention are the key points for improved morbidity and mortality. Interleukin 1, 6, and 8; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); and γ-interferon are among the most important mediators. Management of SIRS focuses on treatment of underlying etiology and prevention of end-organ damage.