Non-Gaussian transverse momentum fluctuations from impact parameter fluctuations
Rupam Samanta, João Paulo Picchetti, Matthew Luzum, Jean-Yves Ollitrault
Abstract
The transverse momentum per particle, $[{p}_{t}]$, fluctuates event by event in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions, for a given multiplicity. These fluctuations are small and approximately Gaussian, but a nonzero skewness has been predicted on the basis of hydrodynamic calculations, and seen experimentally. We argue that the mechanism driving the skewness is that, if the system thermalizes, the mean transverse momentum increases with impact parameter for a fixed collision multiplicity. We postulate that fluctuations are Gaussian at fixed impact parameter, and that non-Gaussianities solely result from impact parameter fluctuations. Using recent data on the variance of $[{p}_{t}]$ fluctuations, we make quantitative predictions for their skewness and kurtosis as a function of the collision multiplicity. We predict, in particular, a spectacular increase of the skewness below the knee of the multiplicity distribution, followed by a fast decrease.