Residential radon decay products are associated with cough and phlegm in patients with COPD
Zhaokun Wang, Petros Koutrakis, Man Liu, Carolina L. Zilli Vieira, Brent A. Coull, Edward F. Maher, Marilyn L. Moy, Shaodan Huang, Eric Garshick
Abstract
Radon decay products attach to particulate matter (referred to as particle radioactivity, PR) has been shown to be potential to promote airway damage after inhalation. In this study, we investigated associations between PR with respiratory symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with COPD. 141 male patients with COPD, former smokers, completed the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) after up to four 1-week seasonal assessments (N=474) of indoor (home) and ambient (central site) particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter (PM 2.5 ) and black carbon (BC). Indoor PR was measured as α-activity (radiation) on PM 2.5 filter samples. The ratio of indoor/ambient sulfur in PM 2.5 (a ventilation surrogate) was used to estimate α-PR from indoor radon decay. SGRQ responses assessed frequent cough, phlegm, shortness of breath, wheeze, and chest attacks in the past 3 months. Multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations accounting for repeated measures was used to explore associations, adjusting for potential confounders. Median (IQR) indoor α-PR was 1.22 (0.62) mBq/m 3 . We found that there were positive associations between α-PR with cough and phlegm. The strongest associations were with estimated α-PR of indoor origin for cough (31.1 % increase/IQR, 95 %CI: 8.8 %, 57.8 %), and was suggestive for phlegm (13.0 % increase/IQR, 95 %CI: −2.5 %, 31.0 %), similar adjusting for indoor BC or PM 2.5 . α-PR of indoor origin was positively associated with an increase in SGRQ Symptoms score [1.2 units/IQR; 95 %CI: −0.3, 2.6] that did not meet conventional levels of statistical significance. Our results suggested that exposure to indoor radon decay products measured as particle radioactivity, a common indoor exposure, is associated with cough, and suggestively associated with phlegm and worse HRQL symptoms score in patients with COPD. • α-particle radioactivity (α-PR) is associated with cough and phlegm in COPD patients. • Associations with α-PR from indoor sources are stronger than ambient sources. • Risk is attributable to α-PR and not PM 2.5 or black carbon. • α-PR (radon) control may contribute to reducing cough and phlegm in COPD patients.