An Introduction to Digital Face Manipulation
Rubén Tolosana, Rubén Vera-Rodríguez, Julián Fiérrez, Aythami Morales, Javier Ortega-García
Abstract
Abstract Digital manipulation has become a thriving topic in the last few years, especially after the popularity of the term DeepFakes. This chapter introduces the prominent digital manipulations with special emphasis on the facial content due to their large number of possible applications. Specifically, we cover the principles of six types of digital face manipulations: (i) entire face synthesis, (ii) identity swap, (iii) face morphing, (iv) attribute manipulation, (v) expression swap (a.k.a. face reenactment or talking faces), and (vi) audio- and text-to-video. These six main types of face manipulation are well established by the research community, having received the most attention in the last few years. In addition, we highlight in this chapter publicly available databases and code for the generation of digital fake content.