Morphea induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: A case report

Abstract

Dear Editor, The widespread diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the coronavirus family responsible for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is still in the headlines for the impressive health and economic burden worldwide. The immune response against this novel virus is still undergoing extensive research, and the possible long-term outcomes remain basically unknown. Immunity plays a key role in the defense against several microorganisms, and SARS-CoV-2 is no different. The infections can result in a hyperactive immune response with excessive inflammatory reactions.1 These are generally accompanied by the release of impressive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, an event known as “cytokine storm,” that is correlated with lung damage, organ failure, and a negative prognosis.2, 3 The possibility that these immunologic derangements could result in the induction and/or the exacerbation of other immune-mediated diseases, including cutaneous ones, has not been completely investigated. We report the case of a 61-year-old female patient referred to our dermatologic department for the development of asymptomatic bilateral sclerotic cutaneous lesions on the forearms which appeared 2 months before. The physical examination revealed the presence of several brownish and violaceous plaques with mild erythematous borders on forearms, with sclerotic appearance, partially tending to confluence. The lesions showed a symmetrical and bilateral distribution and were about 5–10 cm in diameter (Fig. 1a). The patient referred that the skin manifestations started about 1 month after the dismissal from hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia (confirmed through RT-PCR). Her familiar and personal history was negative for autoimmune and chronic inflammatory skin disorders. On suspicion of localized morphea, blood examination tests and skin biopsy were performed. Blood tests, including antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies to single-stranded DNA (a-ssDNA), autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs), and COVID-19 swab test, were negative excluding systemic involvement. Histological examination revealed the presence of thin epidermis with moderate dermal sclerosis and thickening of collagen fibers, confirming the diagnosis of morphea. A topical therapy with a high-potency steroid (clobetasol ointment) and vitamin E emollient was started, with a remarkable improvement after 8 weeks and a complete clinical resolution after 16 weeks of treatment (Fig. 1b). Morphea, also known as localized scleroderma, is an inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by the presentation of single or multiple inflammatory or sclerotic plaques.4 While the pathogenesis remains largely unknown, several factors can contribute to the emergence of autoimmune disease including the genetic predisposition, environmental triggers such as bacterial and viral infections, and intrinsic factors, such as hormonal and immunologic dysregulation.5 In this case, the negative personal anamnesis for autoimmune disorders and the development of cutaneous manifestations after COVID-19 infection suggested a possible link between autoimmune disease and SARS-CoV-2. Some authors proposed that SARS-CoV-2 could act as a trigger in the development of organ-specific autoimmune disorders, in genetic predisposed subjects.6 In particular, a molecular mimicry phenomenon between virus and human protein has been hypothesized. Hence, the exaggerated activation of immune system against the virus could induce a cross-reaction with auto-antigens in common with viral peptides, leading to an autoimmune dysfunction.7 Recently, some authors reported the development and/or worsening of inflammatory skin diseases after COVID-19 infection, such as atopic dermatitis8 and psoriasis,9 induced by abnormal activation of the immune system in response to virus and consequent inflammatory pathways. To the best of our knowledge, in the literature, there are no reports of morphea triggered by COVID-19 infection. We report this case to underline the importance of this clinical condition during the COVID-19 pandemic for the dermatologists, in order to provide a proper diagnosis and a correct therapeutic management. The patient in this manuscript has given written informed consent.

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